Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding -d or–ed to the root of a word. Examples: He walked to the store, or They danced all night.. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: He did not walk to the store. Question sentences are started with did as in Did he walk to the store?
Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling.
Past progressive is formed by using the adequate form of to be and the verb’s present participle: He was going to church. By inserting not before the main verb a negation is achieved. Example: He was not going to church. A question is formed by prefixing the adequate form of to be as in Was he going?.
Past progressive is used for describing events that were in the process of occurring when a new event happened. The already occurring event is presented in past progressive, the new one in simple past. Example: We were sitting in the garden when the thunderstorm started. Use is similar to other languages' imperfect tense.
Present perfect simple is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form: I have arrived. A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has: I have not arrived. Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has: Has she arrived?
Present perfect simple is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: He has arrived. Now he is here. This holds true for events that have just been concluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred.
Present perfect progressive is formed by prefixing have/has before the grammatical participle been and the verb’s present participial form: We have been waiting. A negation is expressed by including not between have/has and been: They have not been eating. As with present perfect simple, for forming a question, have/has is put at the beginning of a sentence: Have they been eating?
Present perfect progressive is used for describing an event that has been going on until the present and may be continued in the future. It also puts emphasis on how an event has occurred. Very often since and for mark the use of present perfect progressive: I have been waiting for five hours / I have been waiting since three o’clock.
Furthermore, there is another version of past tense possible: past perfect, similar to other languages' pluperfect tense.
Past perfect simple is formed by combining the simple past form of to have with the past participle form of the main verb: We had shouted. A negation is achieved by including not after had: You had not spoken. Questions in past perfect always start with had: Had he laughed?
Past perfect simple is used for describing secluded events that have occurred before something else followed. The event that is closer to the present is given in simple past tense: After we had visited our relatives in New York, we flew back to Toronto.
Past perfect progressive is formed by had, the grammatical particle been and the present participle of the main verb: You had been waiting. For negation, not is included before been: I had not been waiting. A question sentence is formed by starting with had: Had she been waiting?
If emphasis is put on the duration of a concluded action of the past, since and for are signal words for past perfect progressive: We had been waiting at the airport since the 9 P.M. flight. / They had been waiting for three hours now.
Jumat, 16 April 2010
Adverbial Clause
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause :
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
* No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
* You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
* While he was walking home, he saw an accident
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
* Go where you like.
* The guard stood where he was positioned.
* Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction, seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
* As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
* Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
* Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
* He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
* He did as I told him.
* You may finish it how you like.
* They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
* They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
* She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
* He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
* I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
* Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
* It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
* The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
* The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
* The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
* I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
* He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
* The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
* It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
* It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
* She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
* They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
* Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
* This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
* Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
* Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
* Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
* Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
* Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
* As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause :
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
* No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
* You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
* While he was walking home, he saw an accident
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
* Go where you like.
* The guard stood where he was positioned.
* Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction, seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
* As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
* Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
* Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
* He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
* He did as I told him.
* You may finish it how you like.
* They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
* They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
* She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
* He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
* I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
* Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
* It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
* The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
* The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
* The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
* I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
* He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
* The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
* It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
* It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
* She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
* They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
* Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
* This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
* Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
* Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
* Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
* Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
* Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
* As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
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